![]() Obtaining accurate flow gaugings using traditional approaches can be challenging, often costly and time-consuming, with flow observations during flood conditions being hazardous to operatives. This empirical function is then applied to a continuous record of stage measurements to predict flow discharge ( Coxon et al., 2015). Many of these stations are reliant on the development of an empirical stage–discharge rating curve, which is often achieved by developing an empirical function between paired measurements of river flow (combining measurements of velocity and cross-section area) and river stage measurements. This information provides the foundation for accurate predictions of hydrological response to catchment perturbations and is the basis of informed water resources planning and the production of effective catchment-based management plans.Ĭurrent approaches for the quantification of river flow are generally applied at strategic locations along river networks through the installation of fixed monitoring stations. Accurate long-term records are essential to understand variability in hydrological processes such as the rainfall-runoff response ( Hannah et al., 2011 Borga et al., 2011). ![]() Observed flow rates in rivers represent the integration of water basin input, storage, and water transfer processes. These examples are provided to illustrate the potential for KLT-IV to be used for quantifying flow rates using videos collected from fixed or mobile camera systems. Check points indicated that unaccounted-for motion in the UAS platform is in the region of 6 cm. In-channel velocities of between 0.2 and 1 m s −1 are produced. The acquisition of footage on the river Coquet using a UAS equipped with differential GPS and IMU sensors enabled flow velocities to be precisely reconstructed along a 180 m river reach. Concurrent measurements made by UAS and fixed camera are shown to deviate by < 4 % under high-flow conditions where maximum velocities exceed 3 m s −1. Flow measurements made with a UAS and fixed camera are used to generate a well-defined flow rating curve for the river Feshie. Using a combination of ground control points (GCPs) and differential GPS and IMU data to account for platform movement, image coordinates are converted to real-world distances and displacements. At these sites, footage is acquired from unmanned aerial systems (UASs) and fixed cameras. The application of KLT-IV v1.0 is demonstrated using two case studies at sites in the UK: (i) river Feshie and (ii) river Coquet. Platform movement can be accounted for when ground control points and/or stable features are present or where the platform is equipped with a differential GPS device and inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor. Building on these advances, a new software package, KLT-IV v1.0, has been designed to offer a user-friendly graphical interface for the determination of river flow velocity and river discharge using videos acquired from a variety of fixed and mobile platforms. ![]() Image velocimetry is one particular approach which has been shown to accurately reconstruct surface velocities under a range of hydro-geomorphic conditions. In recent years, there has been considerable development of remote sensing techniques for the determination of river flow dynamics. Accurately monitoring river flows can be challenging, particularly under high-flow conditions.
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